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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Cancer-related genes Enzymes FDA approved drug targets Human disease related genes Metabolic proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
1
Cytoband
q31.1
Chromosome location (bp)
186671791 - 186680922
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Dual cyclooxygenase and peroxidase in the biosynthesis pathway of prostanoids, a class of C20 oxylipins mainly derived from arachidonate ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate, AA, C20:4(n-6)), with a particular role in the inflammatory response 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. The cyclooxygenase activity oxygenates AA to the hydroperoxy endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2), and the peroxidase activity reduces PGG2 to the hydroxy endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the precursor of all 2-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes 10,11,12,13,14,15,16. This complex transformation is initiated by abstraction of hydrogen at carbon 13 (with S-stereochemistry), followed by insertion of molecular O2 to form the endoperoxide bridge between carbon 9 and 11 that defines prostaglandins. The insertion of a second molecule of O2 (bis-oxygenase activity) yields a hydroperoxy group in PGG2 that is then reduced to PGH2 by two electrons 17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Similarly catalyzes successive cyclooxygenation and peroxidation of dihomo-gamma-linoleate (DGLA, C20:3(n-6)) and eicosapentaenoate (EPA, C20:5(n-3)) to corresponding PGH1 and PGH3, the precursors of 1- and 3-series prostaglandins 24,25. In an alternative pathway of prostanoid biosynthesis, converts 2-arachidonoyl lysophopholipids to prostanoid lysophopholipids, which are then hydrolyzed by intracellular phospholipases to release free prostanoids 26. Metabolizes 2-arachidonoyl glycerol yielding the glyceryl ester of PGH2, a process that can contribute to pain response 27. Generates lipid mediators from n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via a lipoxygenase-type mechanism. Oxygenates PUFAs to hydroperoxy compounds and then reduces them to corresponding alcohols 28,29,30,31. Plays a role in the generation of resolution phase interaction products (resolvins) during both sterile and infectious inflammation 32. Metabolizes docosahexaenoate (DHA, C22:6(n-3)) to 17R-HDHA, a precursor of the D-series resolvins (RvDs) 33. As a component of the biosynthetic pathway of E-series resolvins (RvEs), converts eicosapentaenoate (EPA, C20:5(n-3)) primarily to 18S-HEPE that is further metabolized by ALOX5 and LTA4H to generate 18S-RvE1 and 18S-RvE2 34. In vascular endothelial cells, converts docosapentaenoate (DPA, C22:5(n-3)) to 13R-HDPA, a precursor for 13-series resolvins (RvTs) shown to activate macrophage phagocytosis during bacterial infection 35. In activated leukocytes, contributes to oxygenation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoates (HETE) to diHETES (5,15-diHETE and 5,11-diHETE) 36,37. Can also use linoleate (LA, (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate, C18:2(n-6)) as substrate and produce hydroxyoctadecadienoates (HODEs) in a regio- and stereospecific manner, being (9R)-HODE ((9R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoate) and (13S)- HODE ((13S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate) its major products (By similarity). During neuroinflammation, plays a role in neuronal secretion of specialized preresolving mediators (SPMs) 15R-lipoxin A4 that regulates phagocytic microglia (By similarity)....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Dioxygenase, Oxidoreductase, Peroxidase
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
Heme, Iron, Metal-binding
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins DeepTMHMM predicted secreted proteins DeepSig predicted secreted proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers FDA approved drug targets Biotech drugs Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Cancers Cancers of the digestive system Cancers of male genital organs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0001516[prostaglandin biosynthetic process] GO:0001525[angiogenesis] GO:0004601[peroxidase activity] GO:0004666[prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005637[nuclear inner membrane] GO:0005640[nuclear outer membrane] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005783[endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0005789[endoplasmic reticulum membrane] GO:0005901[caveola] GO:0006629[lipid metabolic process] GO:0006631[fatty acid metabolic process] GO:0006633[fatty acid biosynthetic process] GO:0006693[prostaglandin metabolic process] GO:0006954[inflammatory response] GO:0006979[response to oxidative stress] GO:0007566[embryo implantation] GO:0007568[aging] GO:0007612[learning] GO:0007613[memory] GO:0008217[regulation of blood pressure] GO:0008284[positive regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0008285[negative regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0009314[response to radiation] GO:0009410[response to xenobiotic stimulus] GO:0009624[response to nematode] GO:0009750[response to fructose] GO:0010033[response to organic substance] GO:0010042[response to manganese ion] GO:0010226[response to lithium ion] GO:0010243[response to organonitrogen compound] GO:0010575[positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production] GO:0010942[positive regulation of cell death] GO:0014070[response to organic cyclic compound] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016702[oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen] GO:0019233[sensory perception of pain] GO:0019371[cyclooxygenase pathway] GO:0019899[enzyme binding] GO:0020037[heme binding] GO:0030282[bone mineralization] GO:0030728[ovulation] GO:0031394[positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process] GO:0031622[positive regulation of fever generation] GO:0031915[positive regulation of synaptic plasticity] GO:0032227[negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic] GO:0032310[prostaglandin secretion] GO:0032355[response to estradiol] GO:0032496[response to lipopolysaccharide] GO:0032991[protein-containing complex] GO:0033138[positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation] GO:0033280[response to vitamin D] GO:0034097[response to cytokine] GO:0034605[cellular response to heat] GO:0034612[response to tumor necrosis factor] GO:0034644[cellular response to UV] GO:0035633[maintenance of blood-brain barrier] GO:0042127[regulation of cell population proliferation] GO:0042307[positive regulation of protein import into nucleus] GO:0042633[hair cycle] GO:0042803[protein homodimerization activity] GO:0043005[neuron projection] GO:0043065[positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043066[negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043154[negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0045429[positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process] GO:0045786[negative regulation of cell cycle] GO:0045907[positive regulation of vasoconstriction] GO:0045986[negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction] GO:0045987[positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction] GO:0046697[decidualization] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0048661[positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation] GO:0050727[regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0050873[brown fat cell differentiation] GO:0051213[dioxygenase activity] GO:0051384[response to glucocorticoid] GO:0051926[negative regulation of calcium ion transport] GO:0051968[positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic] GO:0070542[response to fatty acid] GO:0071260[cellular response to mechanical stimulus] GO:0071284[cellular response to lead ion] GO:0071318[cellular response to ATP] GO:0071456[cellular response to hypoxia] GO:0071471[cellular response to non-ionic osmotic stress] GO:0071498[cellular response to fluid shear stress] GO:0071636[positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production] GO:0071704[organic substance metabolic process] GO:0090050[positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis] GO:0090271[positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production] GO:0090336[positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation] GO:0090362[positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production] GO:0098869[cellular oxidant detoxification] GO:0150077[regulation of neuroinflammatory response] GO:1902219[negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress] GO:1990776[response to angiotensin]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins DeepTMHMM predicted secreted proteins DeepSig predicted secreted proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers FDA approved drug targets Biotech drugs Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Cancers Cancers of the digestive system Cancers of male genital organs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0001516[prostaglandin biosynthetic process] GO:0004601[peroxidase activity] GO:0004666[prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005637[nuclear inner membrane] GO:0005640[nuclear outer membrane] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005783[endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005788[endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0005789[endoplasmic reticulum membrane] GO:0006629[lipid metabolic process] GO:0006631[fatty acid metabolic process] GO:0006633[fatty acid biosynthetic process] GO:0006693[prostaglandin metabolic process] GO:0006954[inflammatory response] GO:0006979[response to oxidative stress] GO:0008217[regulation of blood pressure] GO:0010575[positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016702[oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen] GO:0019371[cyclooxygenase pathway] GO:0019899[enzyme binding] GO:0020037[heme binding] GO:0031394[positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process] GO:0031622[positive regulation of fever generation] GO:0043005[neuron projection] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0045429[positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0050727[regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051213[dioxygenase activity] GO:0071456[cellular response to hypoxia] GO:0071636[positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production] GO:0071704[organic substance metabolic process] GO:0090050[positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis] GO:0090271[positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor production] GO:0090336[positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation] GO:0090362[positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production] GO:0098869[cellular oxidant detoxification] GO:0150077[regulation of neuroinflammatory response]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
