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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Enzymes FDA approved drug targets Metabolic proteins Plasma proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
12
Cytoband
p13.31
Chromosome location (bp)
6534512 - 6538374
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively 1,2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate 3,4. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton (By similarity). Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules (By similarity). Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes 5. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation 6. Also plays a role in innate immunity by promoting TNF-induced NF-kappa-B activation and type I interferon production, via interaction with TRAF2 and TRAF3, respectively 7,8. Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis (By similarity). Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC (By similarity)....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Oxidoreductase, Transferase
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
NAD
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0000226[microtubule cytoskeleton organization] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0004365[glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005811[lipid droplet] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005856[cytoskeleton] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006096[glycolytic process] GO:0006417[regulation of translation] GO:0006915[apoptotic process] GO:0008017[microtubule binding] GO:0010951[negative regulation of endopeptidase activity] GO:0015630[microtubule cytoskeleton] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016241[regulation of macroautophagy] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016620[oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017148[negative regulation of translation] GO:0019828[aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity] GO:0031640[killing of cells of another organism] GO:0031965[nuclear membrane] GO:0031982[vesicle] GO:0032481[positive regulation of type I interferon production] GO:0035605[peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity] GO:0035606[peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043123[positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0048471[perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0050661[NADP binding] GO:0050821[protein stabilization] GO:0050832[defense response to fungus] GO:0051287[NAD binding] GO:0051402[neuron apoptotic process] GO:0051873[killing by host of symbiont cells] GO:0061844[antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0071346[cellular response to interferon-gamma] GO:0097452[GAIT complex] GO:0097718[disordered domain specific binding] GO:1990904[ribonucleoprotein complex]
Metabolic proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016620[oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor] GO:0031965[nuclear membrane] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0051287[NAD binding]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000226[microtubule cytoskeleton organization] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0004365[glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005811[lipid droplet] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005856[cytoskeleton] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006096[glycolytic process] GO:0006417[regulation of translation] GO:0006915[apoptotic process] GO:0008017[microtubule binding] GO:0010951[negative regulation of endopeptidase activity] GO:0015630[microtubule cytoskeleton] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016241[regulation of macroautophagy] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016620[oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017148[negative regulation of translation] GO:0019828[aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity] GO:0031640[killing of cells of another organism] GO:0031965[nuclear membrane] GO:0031982[vesicle] GO:0032481[positive regulation of type I interferon production] GO:0035605[peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity] GO:0035606[peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043123[positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0048471[perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0050661[NADP binding] GO:0050821[protein stabilization] GO:0050832[defense response to fungus] GO:0051287[NAD binding] GO:0051402[neuron apoptotic process] GO:0051873[killing by host of symbiont cells] GO:0061844[antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0071346[cellular response to interferon-gamma] GO:0097452[GAIT complex] GO:0097718[disordered domain specific binding] GO:1990904[ribonucleoprotein complex]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0000226[microtubule cytoskeleton organization] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0004365[glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005811[lipid droplet] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005856[cytoskeleton] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006096[glycolytic process] GO:0006417[regulation of translation] GO:0006915[apoptotic process] GO:0008017[microtubule binding] GO:0010951[negative regulation of endopeptidase activity] GO:0015630[microtubule cytoskeleton] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016241[regulation of macroautophagy] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016620[oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017148[negative regulation of translation] GO:0019828[aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity] GO:0031640[killing of cells of another organism] GO:0031965[nuclear membrane] GO:0031982[vesicle] GO:0032481[positive regulation of type I interferon production] GO:0035605[peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity] GO:0035606[peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043123[positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0048471[perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0050661[NADP binding] GO:0050821[protein stabilization] GO:0050832[defense response to fungus] GO:0051287[NAD binding] GO:0051402[neuron apoptotic process] GO:0051873[killing by host of symbiont cells] GO:0061844[antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0071346[cellular response to interferon-gamma] GO:0097452[GAIT complex] GO:0097718[disordered domain specific binding] GO:1990904[ribonucleoprotein complex]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000166[nucleotide binding] GO:0000226[microtubule cytoskeleton organization] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0004365[glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005811[lipid droplet] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005856[cytoskeleton] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006096[glycolytic process] GO:0006417[regulation of translation] GO:0006915[apoptotic process] GO:0008017[microtubule binding] GO:0010951[negative regulation of endopeptidase activity] GO:0015630[microtubule cytoskeleton] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016241[regulation of macroautophagy] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016620[oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017148[negative regulation of translation] GO:0019828[aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity] GO:0031640[killing of cells of another organism] GO:0031965[nuclear membrane] GO:0031982[vesicle] GO:0032481[positive regulation of type I interferon production] GO:0035605[peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity] GO:0035606[peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043123[positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0048471[perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0050661[NADP binding] GO:0050821[protein stabilization] GO:0050832[defense response to fungus] GO:0051287[NAD binding] GO:0051402[neuron apoptotic process] GO:0051873[killing by host of symbiont cells] GO:0061844[antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0071346[cellular response to interferon-gamma] GO:0097452[GAIT complex] GO:0097718[disordered domain specific binding] GO:1990904[ribonucleoprotein complex]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000226[microtubule cytoskeleton organization] GO:0001819[positive regulation of cytokine production] GO:0002376[immune system process] GO:0004365[glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005811[lipid droplet] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005856[cytoskeleton] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0006006[glucose metabolic process] GO:0006096[glycolytic process] GO:0006417[regulation of translation] GO:0006915[apoptotic process] GO:0008017[microtubule binding] GO:0010951[negative regulation of endopeptidase activity] GO:0015630[microtubule cytoskeleton] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016241[regulation of macroautophagy] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016620[oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor] GO:0016740[transferase activity] GO:0017148[negative regulation of translation] GO:0019828[aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity] GO:0031640[killing of cells of another organism] GO:0031965[nuclear membrane] GO:0031982[vesicle] GO:0032481[positive regulation of type I interferon production] GO:0035605[peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity] GO:0035606[peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0043123[positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043231[intracellular membrane-bounded organelle] GO:0045087[innate immune response] GO:0048471[perinuclear region of cytoplasm] GO:0050661[NADP binding] GO:0050821[protein stabilization] GO:0050832[defense response to fungus] GO:0051287[NAD binding] GO:0051402[neuron apoptotic process] GO:0051873[killing by host of symbiont cells] GO:0061844[antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide] GO:0070062[extracellular exosome] GO:0071346[cellular response to interferon-gamma] GO:0097452[GAIT complex] GO:0097718[disordered domain specific binding] GO:1990904[ribonucleoprotein complex]
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