We use cookies to enhance the usability of our website. If you continue, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies. More information. Don't show this again.
General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Transporters
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
11
Cytoband
q13.4
Chromosome location (bp)
75260122 - 75351705
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta-arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin-associated sorting proteins) and recruiting the GPRCs to the adapter protein 2 complex 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). However, the extent of beta-arrestin involvement appears to vary significantly depending on the receptor, agonist and cell type. Internalized arrestin-receptor complexes traffic to intracellular endosomes, where they remain uncoupled from G-proteins. Two different modes of arrestin-mediated internalization occur. Class A receptors, like ADRB2, OPRM1, ENDRA, D1AR and ADRA1B dissociate from beta-arrestin at or near the plasma membrane and undergo rapid recycling. Class B receptors, like AVPR2, AGTR1, NTSR1, TRHR and TACR1 internalize as a complex with arrestin and traffic with it to endosomal vesicles, presumably as desensitized receptors, for extended periods of time. Receptor resensitization then requires that receptor-bound arrestin is removed so that the receptor can be dephosphorylated and returned to the plasma membrane. Involved in internalization of P2RY4 and UTP-stimulated internalization of P2RY2. Involved in phosphorylation-dependent internalization of OPRD1 ands subsequent recycling. Involved in the degradation of cAMP by recruiting cAMP phosphodiesterases to ligand-activated receptors. Beta-arrestins function as multivalent adapter proteins that can switch the GPCR from a G-protein signaling mode that transmits short-lived signals from the plasma membrane via small molecule second messengers and ion channels to a beta-arrestin signaling mode that transmits a distinct set of signals that are initiated as the receptor internalizes and transits the intracellular compartment. Acts as a signaling scaffold for MAPK pathways such as MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2). ERK1/2 activated by the beta-arrestin scaffold is largely excluded from the nucleus and confined to cytoplasmic locations such as endocytic vesicles, also called beta-arrestin signalosomes. Recruits c-Src/SRC to ADRB2 resulting in ERK activation. GPCRs for which the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on both ARRB1 and ARRB2 (codependent regulation) include ADRB2, F2RL1 and PTH1R. For some GPCRs the beta-arrestin-mediated signaling relies on either ARRB1 or ARRB2 and is inhibited by the other respective beta-arrestin form (reciprocal regulation). Inhibits ERK1/2 signaling in AGTR1- and AVPR2-mediated activation (reciprocal regulation). Is required for SP-stimulated endocytosis of NK1R and recruits c-Src/SRC to internalized NK1R resulting in ERK1/2 activation, which is required for the antiapoptotic effects of SP. Is involved in proteinase-activated F2RL1-mediated ERK activity. Acts as a signaling scaffold for the AKT1 pathway. Is involved in alpha-thrombin-stimulated AKT1 signaling. Is involved in IGF1-stimulated AKT1 signaling leading to increased protection from apoptosis. Involved in activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and in actin bundle formation. Involved in F2RL1-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement and chemotaxis. Involved in AGTR1-mediated stress fiber formation by acting together with GNAQ to activate RHOA. Appears to function as signaling scaffold involved in regulation of MIP-1-beta-stimulated CCR5-dependent chemotaxis. Involved in attenuation of NF-kappa-B-dependent transcription in response to GPCR or cytokine stimulation by interacting with and stabilizing CHUK. May serve as nuclear messenger for GPCRs. Involved in OPRD1-stimulated transcriptional regulation by translocating to CDKN1B and FOS promoter regions and recruiting EP300 resulting in acetylation of histone H4. Involved in regulation of LEF1 transcriptional activity via interaction with DVL1 and/or DVL2 Also involved in regulation of receptors other than GPCRs. Involved in Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling through the interaction with TRAF6 which prevents TRAF6 autoubiquitination and oligomerization required for activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. Binds phosphoinositides. Binds inositolhexakisphosphate (InsP6) (By similarity). Involved in IL8-mediated granule release in neutrophils. Required for atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2-induced RAC1-LIMK1-PAK1-dependent phosphorylation of cofilin (CFL1) and for the up-regulation of ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation. Involved in the internalization of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3. Negatively regulates the NOTCH signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of NOTCH1 by ITCH. Participates in the recruitment of the ubiquitin-protein ligase to the receptor 1....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Signal transduction inhibitor
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Protein transport, Transcription, Transcription regulation, Transport
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. Arrestin beta 1 is a cytosolic protein and acts as a cofactor in the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK) mediated desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors. Besides the central nervous system, it is expressed at high levels in peripheral blood leukocytes, and thus the BARK/beta-arrestin system is believed to play a major role in regulating receptor-mediated immune functions. Alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms of arrestin beta 1 have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Transporters Accessory Factors Involved in Transport Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000139[Golgi membrane] GO:0000785[chromatin] GO:0001664[G protein-coupled receptor binding] GO:0001934[positive regulation of protein phosphorylation] GO:0002031[G protein-coupled receptor internalization] GO:0002092[positive regulation of receptor internalization] GO:0003713[transcription coactivator activity] GO:0004857[enzyme inhibitor activity] GO:0005096[GTPase activator activity] GO:0005159[insulin-like growth factor receptor binding] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005765[lysosomal membrane] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0005905[clathrin-coated pit] GO:0006357[regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0006511[ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0008134[transcription factor binding] GO:0009968[negative regulation of signal transduction] GO:0015031[protein transport] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016567[protein ubiquitination] GO:0016604[nuclear body] GO:0030659[cytoplasmic vesicle membrane] GO:0031143[pseudopodium] GO:0031397[negative regulation of protein ubiquitination] GO:0031410[cytoplasmic vesicle] GO:0031625[ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0031701[angiotensin receptor binding] GO:0032088[negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032717[negative regulation of interleukin-8 production] GO:0035025[positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction] GO:0035066[positive regulation of histone acetylation] GO:0042995[cell projection] GO:0043149[stress fiber assembly] GO:0043161[proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0045746[negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway] GO:0045944[positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0070374[positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0090240[positive regulation of histone H4 acetylation] GO:1990763[arrestin family protein binding]
Transporters Accessory Factors Involved in Transport Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000139[Golgi membrane] GO:0000785[chromatin] GO:0001664[G protein-coupled receptor binding] GO:0001934[positive regulation of protein phosphorylation] GO:0002031[G protein-coupled receptor internalization] GO:0002092[positive regulation of receptor internalization] GO:0003713[transcription coactivator activity] GO:0004857[enzyme inhibitor activity] GO:0005096[GTPase activator activity] GO:0005159[insulin-like growth factor receptor binding] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005765[lysosomal membrane] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0005886[plasma membrane] GO:0005905[clathrin-coated pit] GO:0006357[regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0006511[ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0007165[signal transduction] GO:0008134[transcription factor binding] GO:0009968[negative regulation of signal transduction] GO:0015031[protein transport] GO:0016020[membrane] GO:0016567[protein ubiquitination] GO:0016604[nuclear body] GO:0030659[cytoplasmic vesicle membrane] GO:0031143[pseudopodium] GO:0031397[negative regulation of protein ubiquitination] GO:0031410[cytoplasmic vesicle] GO:0031625[ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0031701[angiotensin receptor binding] GO:0032088[negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0032715[negative regulation of interleukin-6 production] GO:0032717[negative regulation of interleukin-8 production] GO:0035025[positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction] GO:0035066[positive regulation of histone acetylation] GO:0042995[cell projection] GO:0043149[stress fiber assembly] GO:0043161[proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process] GO:0045746[negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway] GO:0045944[positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0070374[positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0090240[positive regulation of histone H4 acetylation] GO:1990763[arrestin family protein binding]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
