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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Disease related genes Enzymes FDA approved drug targets Human disease related genes Metabolic proteins Plasma proteins
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
2
Cytoband
p23.1
Chromosome location (bp)
31334321 - 31414742
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro)....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Oxidoreductase
Ligand (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
2Fe-2S, FAD, Flavoprotein, Iron, Iron-sulfur, Metal-binding, Molybdenum, NAD
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification. Defects in xanthine dehydrogenase cause xanthinuria, may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome, and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Oxidoreductases Metabolic proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Disease related genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Human disease related genes Congenital disorders of metabolism Congenital disorders of nucleotide metabolism Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000255[allantoin metabolic process] GO:0001933[negative regulation of protein phosphorylation] GO:0001937[negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0004854[xanthine dehydrogenase activity] GO:0004855[xanthine oxidase activity] GO:0005506[iron ion binding] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005576[extracellular region] GO:0005615[extracellular space] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005777[peroxisome] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006147[guanine catabolic process] GO:0006148[inosine catabolic process] GO:0006149[deoxyinosine catabolic process] GO:0006154[adenosine catabolic process] GO:0006157[deoxyadenosine catabolic process] GO:0006161[deoxyguanosine catabolic process] GO:0006196[AMP catabolic process] GO:0006204[IMP catabolic process] GO:0006919[activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0007595[lactation] GO:0009114[hypoxanthine catabolic process] GO:0009115[xanthine catabolic process] GO:0010629[negative regulation of gene expression] GO:0016226[iron-sulfur cluster assembly] GO:0016491[oxidoreductase activity] GO:0016529[sarcoplasmic reticulum] GO:0030856[regulation of epithelial cell differentiation] GO:0042803[protein homodimerization activity] GO:0043546[molybdopterin cofactor binding] GO:0043605[cellular amide catabolic process] GO:0045602[negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation] GO:0046038[GMP catabolic process] GO:0046055[dGMP catabolic process] GO:0046059[dAMP catabolic process] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0050660[flavin adenine dinucleotide binding] GO:0051536[iron-sulfur cluster binding] GO:0051537[2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding] GO:0051898[negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling] GO:0070674[hypoxanthine dehydrogenase activity] GO:0070675[hypoxanthine oxidase activity] GO:0071949[FAD binding] GO:1900745[positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade] GO:1900747[negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway] GO:2000379[positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process] GO:2001213[negative regulation of vasculogenesis]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
