GENERAL INFORMATIONi
Gene namei HMGB2
Synonyms HMG2
Gene descriptioni High mobility group box 2
Protein classi Plasma proteins
Predicted locationi Secreted, Intracellular
Protein evidence Evidence at protein level (all genes)
GENE INFORMATIONi
Chromosome 4
Cytoband q34.1
Chromosome location (bp) 173331376 - 173334432
Number of transcriptsi 4
Ensembl ENSG00000164104 (version 109)
Entrez gene 3148
HGNC HGNC:5000
UniProt P26583 (UniProt - Evidence at protein level)
neXtProt NX_P26583
GeneCards HMGB2
Antibodypedia HMGB2 antibodies


PROTEIN FUNCTION
Protein function (UniProt)i Multifunctional protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. May act in a redox sensitive manner. In the nucleus is an abundant chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling and V(D)J recombination and probably other processes. Binds DNA with a preference to non-canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bringing distant regulatory sequences into close proximity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Involved in V(D)J recombination by acting as a cofactor of the RAG complex: acts by stimulating cleavage and RAG protein binding at the 23 bp spacer of conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) (By similarity). Proposed to be involved in the innate immune response to nucleic acids by acting as a promiscuous immunogenic DNA/RNA sensor which cooperates with subsequent discriminative sensing by specific pattern recognition receptors (By similarity). In the extracellular compartment acts as a chemokine. Promotes proliferation and migration of endothelial cells implicating AGER/RAGE 7. Has antimicrobial activity in gastrointestinal epithelial tissues 8. Involved in inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus coupled with pro-inflammatory activity (By similarity). Involved in modulation of neurogenesis probably by regulation of neural stem proliferation (By similarity). Involved in articular cartilage surface maintenance implicating LEF1 and the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway (By similarity). show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i DNA-binding
Biological process (UniProt)i Chemotaxis, DNA recombination, Immunity, Inflammatory response, Innate immunity, Transcription, Transcription regulation
Gene summary (Entrez)i This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein family. The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
Splice variant SwissProt TrEMBL Protein class Gene ontology Length & mass Signal peptide
(predicted)		 Transmembrane regions
(predicted)
HMGB2-201
ENSP00000296503
ENST00000296503
P26583
[Direct mapping] High mobility group protein B2
Show all
Predicted secreted proteins
Predicted intracellular proteins
   Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC
Plasma proteins
Mapped to neXtProt
   neXtProt - Evidence at protein level
Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000122 [negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0000400 [four-way junction DNA binding]
GO:0000785 [chromatin]
GO:0000793 [condensed chromosome]
GO:0000976 [transcription cis-regulatory region binding]
GO:0000987 [cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding]
GO:0001938 [positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation]
GO:0002376 [immune system process]
GO:0002437 [inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus]
GO:0003677 [DNA binding]
GO:0003684 [damaged DNA binding]
GO:0003690 [double-stranded DNA binding]
GO:0003697 [single-stranded DNA binding]
GO:0003713 [transcription coactivator activity]
GO:0003723 [RNA binding]
GO:0005515 [protein binding]
GO:0005576 [extracellular region]
GO:0005615 [extracellular space]
GO:0005634 [nucleus]
GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm]
GO:0005694 [chromosome]
GO:0005730 [nucleolus]
GO:0005737 [cytoplasm]
GO:0006265 [DNA topological change]
GO:0006303 [double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining]
GO:0006310 [DNA recombination]
GO:0006325 [chromatin organization]
GO:0006334 [nucleosome assembly]
GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0006935 [chemotaxis]
GO:0006954 [inflammatory response]
GO:0007283 [spermatogenesis]
GO:0007289 [spermatid nucleus differentiation]
GO:0008134 [transcription factor binding]
GO:0008301 [DNA binding, bending]
GO:0008584 [male gonad development]
GO:0008625 [extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors]
GO:0010628 [positive regulation of gene expression]
GO:0010629 [negative regulation of gene expression]
GO:0019904 [protein domain specific binding]
GO:0032075 [positive regulation of nuclease activity]
GO:0032392 [DNA geometric change]
GO:0032496 [response to lipopolysaccharide]
GO:0032728 [positive regulation of interferon-beta production]
GO:0032991 [protein-containing complex]
GO:0033151 [V(D)J recombination]
GO:0042056 [chemoattractant activity]
GO:0043388 [positive regulation of DNA binding]
GO:0044378 [non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending]
GO:0045087 [innate immune response]
GO:0045089 [positive regulation of innate immune response]
GO:0045648 [positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation]
GO:0045654 [positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation]
GO:0045892 [negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription]
GO:0045893 [positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription]
GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0048471 [perinuclear region of cytoplasm]
GO:0048545 [response to steroid hormone]
GO:0050767 [regulation of neurogenesis]
GO:0050786 [RAGE receptor binding]
GO:0050829 [defense response to Gram-negative bacterium]
GO:0050830 [defense response to Gram-positive bacterium]
GO:0050918 [positive chemotaxis]
GO:0060326 [cell chemotaxis]
GO:0071222 [cellular response to lipopolysaccharide]
GO:0072091 [regulation of stem cell proliferation]
GO:0097100 [supercoiled DNA binding]
GO:0140297 [DNA-binding transcription factor binding]
GO:1902042 [negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors]
Show all
 209 aa
24 kDa 		No 0
HMGB2-202
ENSP00000404912
ENST00000438704
P26583
[Direct mapping] High mobility group protein B2
Show all
Predicted secreted proteins
Predicted intracellular proteins
   Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC
Plasma proteins
Mapped to neXtProt
   neXtProt - Evidence at protein level
Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014)
Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000122 [negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0000400 [four-way junction DNA binding]
GO:0000785 [chromatin]
GO:0000793 [condensed chromosome]
GO:0000976 [transcription cis-regulatory region binding]
GO:0000987 [cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding]
GO:0001938 [positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation]
GO:0002376 [immune system process]
GO:0002437 [inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus]
GO:0003677 [DNA binding]
GO:0003684 [damaged DNA binding]
GO:0003690 [double-stranded DNA binding]
GO:0003697 [single-stranded DNA binding]
GO:0003713 [transcription coactivator activity]
GO:0003723 [RNA binding]
GO:0005515 [protein binding]
GO:0005576 [extracellular region]
GO:0005615 [extracellular space]
GO:0005634 [nucleus]
GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm]
GO:0005694 [chromosome]
GO:0005730 [nucleolus]
GO:0005737 [cytoplasm]
GO:0006265 [DNA topological change]
GO:0006303 [double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining]
GO:0006310 [DNA recombination]
GO:0006325 [chromatin organization]
GO:0006334 [nucleosome assembly]
GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0006935 [chemotaxis]
GO:0006954 [inflammatory response]
GO:0008134 [transcription factor binding]
GO:0008301 [DNA binding, bending]
GO:0032075 [positive regulation of nuclease activity]
GO:0032392 [DNA geometric change]
GO:0032496 [response to lipopolysaccharide]
GO:0032991 [protein-containing complex]
GO:0033151 [V(D)J recombination]
GO:0042056 [chemoattractant activity]
GO:0043388 [positive regulation of DNA binding]
GO:0044378 [non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending]
GO:0045087 [innate immune response]
GO:0045648 [positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation]
GO:0045654 [positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation]
GO:0045892 [negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription]
GO:0045893 [positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription]
GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0048471 [perinuclear region of cytoplasm]
GO:0050767 [regulation of neurogenesis]
GO:0050786 [RAGE receptor binding]
GO:0050829 [defense response to Gram-negative bacterium]
GO:0050830 [defense response to Gram-positive bacterium]
GO:0050918 [positive chemotaxis]
GO:0060326 [cell chemotaxis]
GO:0071222 [cellular response to lipopolysaccharide]
GO:0072091 [regulation of stem cell proliferation]
GO:0097100 [supercoiled DNA binding]
Show all
 209 aa
24 kDa 		No 0
HMGB2-203
ENSP00000393448
ENST00000446922
P26583
[Direct mapping] High mobility group protein B2
Show all
Predicted secreted proteins
Predicted intracellular proteins
   Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC
Plasma proteins
Mapped to neXtProt
   neXtProt - Evidence at protein level
Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000122 [negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0000400 [four-way junction DNA binding]
GO:0000785 [chromatin]
GO:0000793 [condensed chromosome]
GO:0000976 [transcription cis-regulatory region binding]
GO:0000987 [cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding]
GO:0001938 [positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation]
GO:0002376 [immune system process]
GO:0002437 [inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus]
GO:0003677 [DNA binding]
GO:0003684 [damaged DNA binding]
GO:0003690 [double-stranded DNA binding]
GO:0003697 [single-stranded DNA binding]
GO:0003713 [transcription coactivator activity]
GO:0003723 [RNA binding]
GO:0005515 [protein binding]
GO:0005576 [extracellular region]
GO:0005615 [extracellular space]
GO:0005634 [nucleus]
GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm]
GO:0005694 [chromosome]
GO:0005730 [nucleolus]
GO:0005737 [cytoplasm]
GO:0006265 [DNA topological change]
GO:0006303 [double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining]
GO:0006310 [DNA recombination]
GO:0006325 [chromatin organization]
GO:0006334 [nucleosome assembly]
GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0006935 [chemotaxis]
GO:0006954 [inflammatory response]
GO:0008134 [transcription factor binding]
GO:0008301 [DNA binding, bending]
GO:0032075 [positive regulation of nuclease activity]
GO:0032392 [DNA geometric change]
GO:0032496 [response to lipopolysaccharide]
GO:0032991 [protein-containing complex]
GO:0033151 [V(D)J recombination]
GO:0042056 [chemoattractant activity]
GO:0043388 [positive regulation of DNA binding]
GO:0044378 [non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending]
GO:0045087 [innate immune response]
GO:0045648 [positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation]
GO:0045654 [positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation]
GO:0045892 [negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription]
GO:0045893 [positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription]
GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II]
GO:0048471 [perinuclear region of cytoplasm]
GO:0050767 [regulation of neurogenesis]
GO:0050786 [RAGE receptor binding]
GO:0050829 [defense response to Gram-negative bacterium]
GO:0050830 [defense response to Gram-positive bacterium]
GO:0050918 [positive chemotaxis]
GO:0060326 [cell chemotaxis]
GO:0071222 [cellular response to lipopolysaccharide]
GO:0072091 [regulation of stem cell proliferation]
GO:0097100 [supercoiled DNA binding]
Show all
 209 aa
24 kDa 		No 0
HMGB2-204
ENSP00000423001
ENST00000506267
D6R9A6
[Direct mapping] High mobility group protein B2
Show all
Predicted secreted proteins
Predicted intracellular proteins
   Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC
Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0002376 [immune system process]
GO:0003677 [DNA binding]
GO:0005634 [nucleus]
GO:0005694 [chromosome]
GO:0045087 [innate immune response]
Show all
 134 aa
15.4 kDa 		No 0

Contact

The Project

The Human Protein Atlas

The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
by the Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation.


contact@proteinatlas.org