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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Cancer-related genes
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
17
Cytoband
p13.1
Chromosome location (bp)
8140472 - 8156506
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Transcriptional repressor which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, and renal function. Consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can be reset by environmental cues, also known as Zeitgebers (German for 'timegivers'). The predominant Zeitgeber for the central clock is light, which is sensed by retina and signals directly to the SCN. The central clock entrains the peripheral clocks through neuronal and hormonal signals, body temperature and feeding-related cues, aligning all clocks with the external light/dark cycle. Circadian rhythms allow an organism to achieve temporal homeostasis with its environment at the molecular level by regulating gene expression to create a peak of protein expression once every 24 hours to control when a particular physiological process is most active with respect to the solar day. Transcription and translation of core clock components (CLOCK, NPAS2, BMAL1, BMAL2, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1 and CRY2) plays a critical role in rhythm generation, whereas delays imposed by post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important for determining the period (tau) of the rhythms (tau refers to the period of a rhythm and is the length, in time, of one complete cycle). A diurnal rhythm is synchronized with the day/night cycle, while the ultradian and infradian rhythms have a period shorter and longer than 24 hours, respectively. Disruptions in the circadian rhythms contribute to the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndromes and aging. A transcription/translation feedback loop (TTFL) forms the core of the molecular circadian clock mechanism. Transcription factors, CLOCK or NPAS2 and BMAL1 or BMAL2, form the positive limb of the feedback loop, act in the form of a heterodimer and activate the transcription of core clock genes and clock-controlled genes (involved in key metabolic processes), harboring E-box elements (5'-CACGTG-3') within their promoters. The core clock genes: PER1/2/3 and CRY1/2 which are transcriptional repressors form the negative limb of the feedback loop and interact with the CLOCK|NPAS2-BMAL1|BMAL2 heterodimer inhibiting its activity and thereby negatively regulating their own expression. This heterodimer also activates nuclear receptors NR1D1/2 and RORA/B/G, which form a second feedback loop and which activate and repress BMAL1 transcription, respectively. Regulates circadian target genes expression at post-transcriptional levels, but may not be required for the repression at transcriptional level. Controls PER2 protein decay. Represses CRY2 preventing its repression on CLOCK/BMAL1 target genes such as FXYD5 and SCNN1A in kidney and PPARA in liver. Besides its involvement in the maintenance of the circadian clock, has an important function in the regulation of several processes. Participates in the repression of glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1/GR-induced transcriptional activity by reducing the association of NR3C1/GR to glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) by BMAL1:CLOCK. Plays a role in the modulation of the neuroinflammatory state via the regulation of inflammatory mediators release, such as CCL2 and IL6. In spinal astrocytes, negatively regulates the MAPK14/p38 and MAPK8/JNK MAPK cascades as well as the subsequent activation of NFkappaB. Coordinately regulates the expression of multiple genes that are involved in the regulation of renal sodium reabsorption. Can act as gene expression activator in a gene and tissue specific manner, in kidney enhances WNK1 and SLC12A3 expression in collaboration with CLOCK. Modulates hair follicle cycling. Represses the CLOCK-BMAL1 induced transcription of BHLHE40/DEC1....show less
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene may increase the risk of getting certain cancers. Alternative splicing has been observed in this gene; however, these variants have not been fully described. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
O15534 [Direct mapping] Period circadian protein homolog 1
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MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins MEMSAT-SVM predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000122[negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0000976[transcription cis-regulatory region binding] GO:0000978[RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001222[transcription corepressor binding] GO:0002028[regulation of sodium ion transport] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0007623[circadian rhythm] GO:0009649[entrainment of circadian clock] GO:0010608[post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression] GO:0019900[kinase binding] GO:0031490[chromatin DNA binding] GO:0031625[ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0032922[circadian regulation of gene expression] GO:0042634[regulation of hair cycle] GO:0042752[regulation of circadian rhythm] GO:0043124[negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043153[entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod] GO:0043966[histone H3 acetylation] GO:0043967[histone H4 acetylation] GO:0045892[negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription] GO:0045944[positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0046329[negative regulation of JNK cascade] GO:0048511[rhythmic process] GO:0051591[response to cAMP] GO:0070888[E-box binding] GO:0070932[histone H3 deacetylation] GO:0097167[circadian regulation of translation] GO:0140297[DNA-binding transcription factor binding] GO:1900015[regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response] GO:1900744[regulation of p38MAPK cascade] GO:2000323[negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway]
O15534 [Direct mapping] Period circadian protein homolog 1
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Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000122[negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0000976[transcription cis-regulatory region binding] GO:0000978[RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001222[transcription corepressor binding] GO:0002028[regulation of sodium ion transport] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0007623[circadian rhythm] GO:0009649[entrainment of circadian clock] GO:0010608[post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression] GO:0019900[kinase binding] GO:0031490[chromatin DNA binding] GO:0031625[ubiquitin protein ligase binding] GO:0032922[circadian regulation of gene expression] GO:0042634[regulation of hair cycle] GO:0042752[regulation of circadian rhythm] GO:0043124[negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling] GO:0043153[entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod] GO:0043966[histone H3 acetylation] GO:0043967[histone H4 acetylation] GO:0045892[negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription] GO:0045944[positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0046329[negative regulation of JNK cascade] GO:0048511[rhythmic process] GO:0070888[E-box binding] GO:0070932[histone H3 deacetylation] GO:0097167[circadian regulation of translation] GO:1900015[regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response] GO:1900744[regulation of p38MAPK cascade] GO:2000323[negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway]
J3KSL6 [Direct mapping] Period circadian protein homolog 1
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Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
J3QL55 [Direct mapping] Period circadian protein homolog 1
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Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
J3QL46 [Direct mapping] Period circadian protein homolog 1
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Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
J3QLQ5 [Direct mapping] Period circadian protein homolog 1
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Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes COSMIC somatic mutations in cancer genes COSMIC Somatic Mutations COSMIC Translocations Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
