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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).
Cancer-related genes FDA approved drug targets Metabolic proteins Nuclear receptors Transcription factors
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
9
Cytoband
q34.2
Chromosome location (bp)
134317098 - 134440585
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor 1,2,3. Forms homo-or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 to regulate transcription 13,14,15,16,17. The high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) is 9-cis retinoic acid 18. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression 19. On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and coactivators are recruited leading to transcriptional activation 20,21,22. Serves as a common heterodimeric partner for a number of nuclear receptors, such as RARA, RARB and PPARA 23,24,25,26. The RXRA/RARB heterodimer can act as a transcriptional repressor or transcriptional activator, depending on the RARE DNA element context 27. The RXRA/PPARA heterodimer is required for PPARA transcriptional activity on fatty acid oxidation genes such as ACOX1 and the P450 system genes 28. Together with RARA, positively regulates microRNA-10a expression, thereby inhibiting the GATA6/VCAM1 signaling response to pulsatile shear stress in vascular endothelial cells 29. Acts as an enhancer of RARA binding to RARE DNA element 30. May facilitate the nuclear import of heterodimerization partners such as VDR and NR4A1 31,32. Promotes myelin debris phagocytosis and remyelination by macrophages 33. Plays a role in the attenuation of the innate immune system in response to viral infections, possibly by negatively regulating the transcription of antiviral genes such as type I IFN genes 34. Involved in the regulation of calcium signaling by repressing ITPR2 gene expression, thereby controlling cellular senescence 35....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
DNA-binding, Receptor
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.
Metal-binding, Zinc
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are nuclear receptors that mediate the biological effects of retinoids by their involvement in retinoic acid-mediated gene activation. These receptors function as transcription factors by binding as homodimers or heterodimers to specific sequences in the promoters of target genes. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of transcriptional regulators. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Metabolic proteins Nuclear receptors Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Transcription factors Zinc-coordinating DNA-binding domains Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000122[negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0000785[chromatin] GO:0000976[transcription cis-regulatory region binding] GO:0000977[RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0000978[RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0000981[DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific] GO:0001221[transcription coregulator binding] GO:0001972[retinoic acid binding] GO:0002157[positive regulation of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway] GO:0003677[DNA binding] GO:0003690[double-stranded DNA binding] GO:0003700[DNA-binding transcription factor activity] GO:0003707[nuclear steroid receptor activity] GO:0004879[nuclear receptor activity] GO:0005515[protein binding] GO:0005634[nucleus] GO:0005654[nucleoplasm] GO:0005667[transcription regulator complex] GO:0005737[cytoplasm] GO:0005739[mitochondrion] GO:0005829[cytosol] GO:0006351[DNA-templated transcription] GO:0006355[regulation of DNA-templated transcription] GO:0006357[regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0008270[zinc ion binding] GO:0009755[hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0010875[positive regulation of cholesterol efflux] GO:0016922[nuclear receptor binding] GO:0019899[enzyme binding] GO:0030154[cell differentiation] GO:0030501[positive regulation of bone mineralization] GO:0032411[positive regulation of transporter activity] GO:0032526[response to retinoic acid] GO:0035357[peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway] GO:0042277[peptide binding] GO:0042789[mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0042802[identical protein binding] GO:0042809[nuclear vitamin D receptor binding] GO:0043167[ion binding] GO:0043235[receptor complex] GO:0043401[steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway] GO:0043565[sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0044323[retinoic acid-responsive element binding] GO:0045893[positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription] GO:0045944[positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II] GO:0046872[metal ion binding] GO:0048384[retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway] GO:0048856[anatomical structure development] GO:0050692[DNA binding domain binding] GO:0050693[LBD domain binding] GO:0070564[positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway] GO:0070644[vitamin D response element binding] GO:0090575[RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex] GO:1990837[sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding]
Metabolic proteins Phobius predicted membrane proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Metabolic proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Cancer-related genes Mutated cancer genes Mutational cancer driver genes Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
