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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
4
Cytoband
q32.3
Chromosome location (bp)
164877178 - 164898965
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) 1,2. Hormone required for mesendodermal differentiation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis during early development and for adult cardiovascular homeostasis 3,4. Drives internalization of APLNR. Acts as a motogen by promoting mesendodermal cell migration during gastrulation by binding and activating APLNR. Acts as an early embryonic regulator of cellular movement with a role in migration and development of cardiac progenitor cells. May act as a chemoattractant for the activation of angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i.e. the position of the future vessel formation, during vasculogenesis. Positively regulates sinus venosus (SV)-derived endothelial cells migration into the developing heart to promote coronary blood vessel sprouting. Plays a role in placental vascular development; promotes placental trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling in the uterus. Involved in the regulation of maternal cardiovascular homeostasis to prevent gestational hypertension and for potent cardioprotective functions during heart failure. Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity)....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Developmental protein, Hormone
Biological process (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.
Angiogenesis, Differentiation, Gastrulation
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes a peptide hormone that binds to the Apelin receptor. The encoded protein is required for heart development in zebrafish and has been shown to maintain self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Experiments in human and mouse cell lines point to additional roles for the encoded protein in angiogenesis and regulation of vascular tone. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]...show less
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
